Validity and reliability of SEIS-3: An instrument for subjective measuring of strength in older adults.

The use of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has grown substantially, providing a valuable alternative for exercise intensity monitoring, especially for older adults. However, some challenges, such as cross-cultural validity, age-related differences, and reliability issues, necessitate the development of a concise and user-friendly RPE instrument, particularly for strength training in this population. This study aimed to validate the Subjective Effort Induction Scale (SEIS-3), a simplified tool for measuring effort during strength training. SEIS-3 is a graded instrument with three exertion levels: 1) Light effort, 2) Moderate effort, and 3) Strong effort. Twenty seniors, aged 71±7 years, of both genders participated in the study (CEP/Unimontes 2,741,071/2018). We collected maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) data using a digital dynamometer. Subsequently, participants underwent the initial test, following the three SEIS-3 categories in a randomly assigned order of induced subjective effort. SEIS-3 instrument was evaluated by the approaches:•Linear regression analysis: employed to assess the validity of the instrument.•Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC): employed to assess the reliability of the instrument.SEIS-3 effort categories correlated with MIVC in both hands (R2=0.80, F = 25.596, df=3, p < 0.01 for right hand; R2=0.56, F = 9.132, p < 0.01 for left hand). Test-retest reliability for grip strength across effort categories was excellent (ICC > 0.9). SEIS-3 is a valid and reliable user-friendly tool for accurately assessing and regulating exercise intensity in older adults during strength tasks, benefiting their health, functional capacity, and overall quality of life. This low-cost instrument can help health professionals in their activities.

Análise do perfil de resiliência psicológica de atletas amadores de beach tennis / Analysis of the psychological resilience profile of amateur beach tennis athletes / Análisis del perfil de resiliencia psicológica de deportistas aficionados al tenis playa

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o perfil da Resiliência Psicológica (RP) em praticantes amadores de Beach Tennis (BT) em eventos competitivos e estabelecer parâmetros iniciais de RP por categorias do BT. Participaram 50 atletas com idade de 37,4 ± 7,92 anos. As coletas foram feitas via Google Forms® entre os meses de março a maio de 2022 durante as competições realizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, sendo aplicada a Escala de Resiliência no Esporte (RS-Sp). O escore total da RS-Sp foi de 10,75 ± 1,57 pontos, sendo classificado como baixa, segundo o parâmetro para atletas brasileiros. Conclui-se o perfil de RPE em praticantes amadores de BT está abaixo do esperado para a medida podendo influenciar em menor capacidade de lidar com processos estressores advindos das situações esportivas (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify the profile of Psychological Resilience in amateur Beach Tennis practitioners in competitive events. Fifty athletes with age of 37.4 ±7.92 years participated. The Scale of Resilience in Sport (RS-Sp) was applied. The collections were made via Google Forms® between the months of March to May 2022 during the competitions held in the state of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The total score of the SR-Sp was 10.75, ±1.57 points (low SR-Sp) according to the parameter for Brazilian athletes. It is concluded that Beach tennis practitioners presented lower PR indexes than expected for athletes, which can influence in a lower capacity to deal with stressful processes arising from sportive situations (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil de la Resiliencia Psicológica (RP) en practicantes amateurs de Tenis Playa (BT) en eventos competitivos y establecer parámetros iniciales de RP para categorías de BT. Participaron 50 atletas con edad de 37,4 ± 7,92 años. Las colectas fueron realizadas vía Google Forms® entre los meses de marzo a mayo de 2022 durante competiciones realizadas en el Estado de Minas Gerais y Rio de Janeiro, siendo aplicada la Escala de Resiliencia en el Deporte (RS-Sp). La puntuación total de RS-Sp fue de 10,75 ± 1,57 puntos, siendo clasificada como baja, de acuerdo con el parámetro para los atletas brasileños. Se concluyó que los atletas de BT presentaron índices de RP inferiores a los esperados, lo que puede influir en una menor capacidad de lidiar con procesos estresantes derivados de situaciones deportivas (AU).

Evidence of Validity and Perspectives for Resilience Scales in Sport / Evidências de Validade e Perspectivas para Escalas de Resiliência no Esporte

Abstract The aim of this review was to identify the scales used to measure resilience in athletes and to assess their psychometric and semantic adaptations for the sporting context. An electronic search was conducted in six databases, for 2008-2019, and 43 articles were selected. The results showed 11 scales applied to evaluate resilience in athletes. In the semantic field, 11 factors were identified, conceptually different, that define the property of the psychological system for sports resilience. This study concluded that scales identified in literature to assess athletes' resilience have been used indiscriminately. Only five had their psychometric properties evaluated for the sports context. Therefore, sport psychology lacks a sport-specific measure for resilience.

Resumo O objetivo desta revisão foi identificar as escalas utilizadas para avaliar a resiliência em atletas bem como as adaptações psicométricas e semânticas para o contexto esportivo. Uma busca eletrônica foi conduzida em seis bases de dados, 2008-2019. Foram selecionados 43 artigos. Os resultados mostraram 11 escalas aplicadas para avaliar a resiliência em atletas. No campo semântico, foram identificados 11 fatores, conceitualmente distintos, que definem a propriedade do sistema psicológico para a resiliência esportiva. Este estudo concluiu que as escalas identificadas na literatura para avaliar a resiliência de atletas têm sido usadas de forma indiscriminada. Apenas cinco tiveram suas propriedades psicométricas avaliadas para o contexto esportivo. Portanto, a psicologia do esporte carece de uma medida específica do esporte para resiliência.

Burnout inventory for referees (bir): psychometric properties for brazilian soccer referees / Inventário de burnout para árbitros (bir): propriedades psicométricas para árbitros brasileiros de futebol

ABSTRACT The objective of the study is to analyze the psychometric measurements of the Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) offering validity evidence of the instrument through the analysis of its internal structure, estimating reliability indicators and comparing the total score of Burnout in referees and assistant referees. Participants were 284 soccer referees from six Brazilian states. The mean age was 31.3 years old (±6.1), being 255 male participants (89.7%), and the average experience time of the referees was 6.9 years (±5.5 years). The BIR consists of a questionnaire of 9 items, arranged on a 7 points likert scale. The result of the exploratory factor analysis pointed to one factor that explained 53.1% of the data variance. The Comparative Fit Index = 0.923 (95% CI 0.883-0.950) and Non-Normed Fit Index = 0.897 (95% CI 0.844-0.933) indicates suitability to a single-factor. There was no burnout difference between referees and assistant referees. The instrument presented a reliability index (McDonald´s omega) of 0.823. It is concluded that the factor structure of BIR´s version for Brazilian referees focuses on a single dimension that guided the development of the instrument. This result is also different from that found in other studies carried out previously using the instrument.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo é analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros (BIR) oferecendo evidências de validade do instrumento por meio da análise de sua estrutura interna, estimando indicadores de confiabilidade e comparar o escore total de Burnout em árbitros centrais e árbitros assistentes. Participaram 284 árbitros de futebol de seis Estados brasileiros. A idade média foi 31,3 anos(±6,1), sendo 255 do sexo masculino (89,7 %) e tempo de experiência na arbitragem médio 6,9 anos (±5,5 anos). O BIR consiste em um questionário de 9 itens, dispostos em uma escala likert de 7 pontos. O resultado da análise fatorial exploratória apontou para a presença de um fator que explicou 53,1% da variância dos dados. O ajuste do modelo Comparative Fit Index = 0,923 (IC de 95% 0,883-0,950) e Non-Normed Fit Index = 0,897 (IC de 95% 0,844- 0,933), indicam adequação do modelo de um fator único. Não houve diferença de burnout entre árbitros assistentes e centrais. O instrumento apresentou índice de confiabilidade ômega de McDonald = 0,823. Conclui-se que o BIR apresenta estrutura fatorial centrada na dimensão exaustão física e emocional, diferente do seu modelo inicialmente proposto, e de outros estudos realizados anteriormente com o instrumento.

Women amateur street runners have a higher level of chronotype self- perception than men

Abstract Aim: The aims of the present study were to verify the self-perception level of the chronotype of amateur street runners and to test the association between the chronotype, gender, age, and preferred training time. Methods: A total of 166 amateur street runners were included (♀ = 89, age 38.9 ± 11.2 years; ♂ = 77, age 38.0 ± 9.7 years). The Brazilian version of the Horne & östberg questionnaire was used to assess chronotypes and the preferred training time was determined through a multiple choice question. Based on chronotype definitions that suggest that when free to choose, morning-types (MT) would prefer training in the morning, evening-types (ET) in the evening and neither-types (NT) would not have a predilection for any specific time. The corroboration of this hypothesis was assumed as self-perception level of the chronotypes. Results: Women showed higher self-perception levels of their chronotype compared to men (58.4% vs. 41.6%; χ2 = 4.699; p = 0.030). By chronotypes, MT, NT, and ET self-perception levels were 73.9%, 15.9%, 88.9%, respectively (χ2 = 57.489; p < 0.001). The most observed women circadian typology was MT, while in men it was NT (χ2 = 8.951; p = 0.011). However, there was no significant association between gender and preferred training time (χ2 = 2.654; p = 0.265). Age, female gender and preference to exercise during the day are associated with MT. Conclusion: Women runners showed a greater perception of their circadian traits than men, despite there was no association between gender and preferred training time.

Resilience of athletes: a systematic review based on a citation network analysis / Resiliencia de los atletas: una revisión sistemática basada en un análisis de redes de citas / Resiliência de atletas: uma revisão sistemática com base na análise da rede de citação

The aims of the present study are to understand indicators and the scope of theoretical models adopted to describe athletes' resilience, as well as to analyze their impact on investigations about such resilience. A search for original academic publications within a 10-year period was conducted in the PubMed / Medline, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis, Lilacs, Scopus, Humam Kinects and Science Direct databases, to substantiate a systematic literature review on athletes' resilience. Articles were analyzed based on their methodological characteristics and citation network analysis. In total, 47 articles were identified and the most referenced one was Fletcher and Sarkar (2012), which was followed by Galli and Vealey (2008). The Grounded Theory of Psychological Resilience and Optimal Sport Performance by Fletcher and Sarkar (2012) seems to encompass the basic theoretical elementary aspects to better understand athletes' resilience, so far. To conclude resilience is an on-going dynamic process based on individual characteristics and interactions with the environment

Los objetivos del estudio son buscar los indicadores y el alcance de los modelos teóricos adoptados para describir la resiliencia de los atletas y analizar el impacto en las investigaciones sobre la resiliencia. Se realizaron búsquedas en publicaciones académicas originales durante un período de 10 años en las bases de datos PubMed / Medline, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis, Lilacs, Scopus, Human Kinects y Science Direct. Los artículos fueron analizados en función de sus características metodológicas y análisis de la red de citas. En total, se identificaron 47 artículos, de los cuales los más mencionados fueron Fletcher y Sarkar (2012) y Galli y Vealey (2008). La teoría fundamentada de la resistencia psicológica y el rendimiento deportivo ideal, Fletcher y Sarkar (2012) parece cubrir mejor los aspectos elementales teóricos básicos para comprender la resistencia deportiva. En conclusión, la resiliencia deportiva es un proceso dinámico continuo, basado en las características psicológicas individuales y las interacciones del atleta con el medio ambiente

Os objetivos do estudo são buscar os indicadores e o escopo dos modelos teóricos adotados para descrever a resiliência dos atletas e analisar o impacto nas investigações sobre resiliência. Publicações acadêmicas originais foram buscadas dentro de um período de 10 anos nas bases de dados PubMed / Medline, Web of Science, Taylor e Francis, Lilacs, Scopus, Human Kinects e Science Direct. Os artigos foram analisados com base em suas características metodológicas e análise da rede de citações. No total, foram identificados 47 artigos, dos quais os mais referenciados foram Fletcher e Sarkar (2012) e Galli e Vealey (2008). A Teoria Fundamentada da Resiliência Psicológica e do Desempenho Esportivo Ideal, Fletcher e Sarkar (2012) parece melhor abranger os aspectos elementares teóricos básicos para entender a resiliência esportiva. Concluindo, a resiliência esportiva é um processo dinâmico contínuo, baseado nas características psicológicas individuais e nas interações do atleta com o meio ambiente

Prevalence of burnout in soccer athletes of the under-20 category over a sports season / Prevalência do burnout em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 ao longo de uma temporada esportiva

ABSTRACT The aims of the current study were: (a) to construct a reference table for burnout in soccer athletes of the U-20 category and (b) to verify the individual oscillations in the perception of these athletes in relation to burnout over three periods of the sports season. In total, 53 U-20 soccer athletes participated. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, Brazilian version, was applied to athletes during training, competition, and vacation periods of the sports season. A reference table was built for under-20 soccer athletes for each assessment period. Fluctuations were observed in the mean values of the total burnout frequency of the athletes during the 3 periods: training ( X ¯=1.35 ± 0.13 and X ¯=2.11 ± 0.19), competition ( X ¯=1.26 ± 0.13 and X ¯=2.27 ± 0.24), and vacation ( X ¯=1.27 ± 0.14 and X ¯= 2.18 ± 0.28). Based on this table and the individual classification of each athlete, it was observed that 32 athletes presented fluctuations in the perception of burnout during the sports season and 21 athletes did not present fluctuations in feelings of burnout during the three evaluation periods. The period with the highest number of athletes (n = 17) with a high level of burnout was the training period. It is concluded that it is not possible to establish a single and collective behavior regarding the fluctuations in burnout levels in athletes of the U-20 category during a sports season, and that the category reference table contributes to greater accuracy of the burnout evaluation in each period in the season.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram (a) construir uma tabela de referência para o burnout em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 e (b) verificar as oscilações individuais na percepção destes atletas em relação ao burnout ao longo de três períodos da temporada esportiva. Participaram 53 atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20. Foi utilizado o Questionário de Burnout para Atleta nos períodos de treinamento, competição e férias durante uma temporada esportiva. Foi construída uma tabela de referência do burnout para atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 para cada período avaliado. Foram encontradas oscilações nos valores médios da frequência do burnout total dos atletas durante os 3 períodos: treinamento( X ¯=1,35±0,13 e X ¯=2,11±0,19), competição ( X ¯=1,26±0,13 e X ¯=2,27±0,24) e férias ( X ¯=1,27±0,14 e X ¯=2,18±0,28).Baseado na tabela de referência e na classificação individual de cada atleta observou-se que 32 atletas apresentaram oscilações na percepção de burnout durante a temporada esportiva e 21 atletas não apresentaram oscilações nos sentimentos de burnout ao longo dos 3 períodos de avaliação. O período que teve o maior número de atletas (n=17) com alto nível de burnout foi o de treinamento. Conclui-se que não é possível estabelecer um comportamento único e coletivo a respeito das oscilações dos níveis de burnout em atletas da categoria sub-20 durante uma temporada esportiva e que a tabela de referência da categoria contribui para uma maior acertibilidade da avaliação do burnout em cada período da temporada.